ABM 028
Code: ABM 028
Country: Tibet (west)
Style: Purang-Guge Kingdom
Date: 1100 - 1200
Dimensions in cm WxHxD: 67.8 x 20.5
Materials: Paper
Illuminated Manuscript of the Prajnaparamita-Sutra Depicting Buddha Shakyamuni in the act of preaching (VIII)
Distemper on paper.
Size: (illumination) 4.6 x 4.8 cm
Not restored: Paper, calligraphy and illumination are in original conditions.
This paper manuscript leaf of a Tibetan translation of the Prajnaparamita-Sutra writen in dBu can script was discovered in 2004 inside an abandoned and hidden cave in Western Tibet. Information about the location of the cave could not be obtained.
The folio is numbered on the illustrated side front side as Volume kha, page gya gsum (83).
On the numbered side of this folio is a miniature painting of Buddha Shakyamuni in the act of preaching. The Buddha is seated in the diamond attitude(vajraparyankasana) on a single lotus throne, and displays the gesture of preaching (dharmacakra-mudra). The red upper monastic garment (uttarasanga )is rendered without folds and covers the left shoulder only. He is backed by a green cushion, and is encircled by a red coloured aureole, the head is set against a white nimbus. The Buddha is placed against a blue panel decorated with flowers within a red frame.
Distemper on paper.
Size: (illumination) 4.6 x 4.8 cm
Not restored: Paper, calligraphy and illumination are in original conditions.
This paper manuscript leaf of a Tibetan translation of the Prajnaparamita-Sutra writen in dBu can script was discovered in 2004 inside an abandoned and hidden cave in Western Tibet. Information about the location of the cave could not be obtained.
The folio is numbered on the illustrated side front side as Volume kha, page gya gsum (83).
On the numbered side of this folio is a miniature painting of Buddha Shakyamuni in the act of preaching. The Buddha is seated in the diamond attitude(vajraparyankasana) on a single lotus throne, and displays the gesture of preaching (dharmacakra-mudra). The red upper monastic garment (uttarasanga )is rendered without folds and covers the left shoulder only. He is backed by a green cushion, and is encircled by a red coloured aureole, the head is set against a white nimbus. The Buddha is placed against a blue panel decorated with flowers within a red frame.
THIRTY TWO MARKS OF A GREAT MAN
No. - Marks ( Lakkhana ) - Significance
1 - Well-supported feet - Firm undertaking
2 - Wheels arise beneath the sole of the feet - Great retinues
3 - The heels are projecting - Long life
4 - The fingers and toes are long - Long life
5 - The hands and feet are soft and tender - Well-united with people
6 - The hands and feet are net-like - Well-united with people
7 - The ankles are raised like conch shells - Becomes the best
8 - The lower part of the leg is like an antelope's - Gets the best things quickly
9 - He can touch and rub around his knees with both palms, while tanding, and without bending - Great wealth
10 - The part which should be concealed by garments, is covered by a bag - Many sons
11 - The skin shines like gold - Get finest furnishings and garments
12 - Subtle skin: dirt and sweat do not stick to his body - Great wisdom
13 - Single hairs arise, one to each pore - Well-respected
14 - The hair pointing upwards; dark, black in colour, turning in rings to the right - Becomes the best
15 - The frame is straight like Brahma - Long life
16 - There are seven outflows on his hands, on his feet, at the tips of the shoulders, and at the top of the back - Obtains excellent foods
17 - The upper part of the body is lion-like - No loss
18 - The hollow between his shoulders is filled - No loss
19 - The body is proportionate: the body is as long as the span of the arms - Great wealth
20 - The shoulders are evenly rounded - No loss
21 - He releases the highest of tastes - Very healthy
22 - The jaw is lion-like - He cannot be overthrown
23 - There are forty teeth - The assemblies cannot be divided
24 - The teeth are even - Pure retinues
25 - The teeth are undivided - The assemblies cannot be divided
26 - The visible teeth are very white - Pure retinues
27 - A mighty tongue - His words are heeded
28 - The voice of Brahma and also resembles the song of a karavika bird - His words are heeded
29 - The eyes are very blue - Attractive look
30 - The Eyelashes are like those of a cow - Attractive look
31 - The filament between the eyebrows is white like soft cotton - Well-respected
32 - The head is turban-crowned - Many followers
Prajnaparamita
Perfection of Wisdom -
"Perfection of Wisdom" is a translation of the Sanskrit term prajna paramita (Devanagari:
Tibetan: Shes-rab-pha-rol-phyin
Chinese: Pinyin: ban'ruo-boluomìduo
Japanese: hannya-haramitta, hannya-haramitta?)
Korean: banya-paramilda
Vietnamese: Bat Nha Ba La Mat Da)
- which is one of the aspects of a bodhisattva's personality called the paramitas.
The Perfection of Wisdom Sutras or Prajnaparamita Sutras are a genre of Mahayana Buddhist scriptures dealing with the subject of the Perfection of Wisdom. The term Prajnaparamita alone never refers to a specific text, but always to the class of literature.
History
The earliest sutra in this class is the Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra or "Perfection of Wisdom in 8,000 Lines", which was probably put in writing about 100 BC and is one of the earliest Mahayana sutras. More material was gradually compiled over the next two centuries. As well as the sutra itself, there is a summary in verse, the Ratnagunasamcaya Gatha, which some believe to be slightly older because it is not written in standard literary Sanskrit.
Between the years 100 and 300 this text was expanded into large versions in 10,000, 18,000, 25,000 and 100,000 lines, collectively known at the "Large Perfection of Wisdom". These differ mainly in the extent to which the many lists are either abbreviated or written out in full; the rest of the text is mostly unchanged between the different versions.
Since the large versions proved to be unwieldy they were later summarized into shorter versions, produced from 300 to 500. The shorter versions include the Heart Sutra (Prajñāpāramitā Hṛdaya Sūtra) and the Diamond Sutra (Prajñāpāramitā Vajracchedikā Sūtra). These two are widely popular and have had a great influence on the development of Mahayana Buddhism.
Tantric versions of the Prajnaparamita literature were produced from 500 on. The Prajnaparamita terma teachings are held to have been conferred upon Nagarjuna by Nagaraja, the King of the nagas, who had been guarding them at the bottom of a lake.
Teachings
"At first sight, The Perfection of Wisdom is bewildering, full of paradox and apparent irrationality. Yet once one accepts that trying to unravel these texts without experiencing the intuitions behind them is not satisfactory, it becomes clear that paradox and irrationality are the only means of conveying to the reader those underlying intuitions that would otherwise be impossible to express. Edward Conze succinctly summarized what The Perfection of Wisdom is about, saying, 'The thousands of lines of the Prajñāparamitā can be summed up in the following two sentences:
1. One should become a bodhisattva (or, Buddha-to-be), i.e. one who is content with nothing less than all-knowledge attained through the perfection of wisdom for the sake of all beings.
2. There is no such thing as a bodhisattva, or as all-knowledge, or as a 'being', or as the perfection of wisdom, or as an attainment. To accept both of these contradictory facts is to be perfect.'
The central idea of The Perfection of Wisdom is complete release from the world of existence. The Perfection of Wisdom goes beyond earlier Buddhist teaching that focused on the rise and fall of phenomena to state that there is no such rise and fall — because all phenomena are essentially void.
The earlier perception had been that reality is composed of a multiplicity of things. The Perfection of Wisdom states that there is no multiplicity: all is one. Even existence (samsara) and nirvana are essentially the same, and both are ultimately void. The view of The Perfection of Wisdom is that words and analysis have a practical application in that they are necessary for us to function in this world but, ultimately, nothing can be predicated about anything.
Within this context of voidness, The Perfection of Wisdom offers a way to enlightenment. It represents the formal introduction to Buddhist thought of a practical ideal — the ideal of a bodhisattva. Unlike an arhat or pratyekabuddha, beings who achieve enlightenment but cannot pass on the means of enlightenment to others, a bodhisattva should and does teach. A bodhisattva must practice the six perfections: giving, morality, patience, vigour, contemplation and wisdom. Wisdom is the most important of these because it dispels the darkness of sensory delusion and allows things to be seen as they really are."
R.C. Jamieson: The Perfection of Wisdom (New York : Penguin Viking, 2000. ISBN 0-670-88934-2 pp. 8–9)
For example, the Diamond Sutra concludes with:
As stars, a fault of vision, a lamp,
A mock show, dew drops, or a bubble,
A dream, a lightning flash, or a cloud,
So should one view what is conditioned.
Stars cannot be grasped. Things seen with faulty vision do not really exist. Lamps only burn as long as they have fuel. A mock show is a magical illusion; it is not as it seems. Dew drops evaporate quickly in the heat of the sun. Bubbles are short lived and have no real substance to them. Dreams are not real, even though they may seem so at the time. Lightning is short lived and quickly over. Clouds are always changing shape. By realising the transient nature of things it is easier to detach from them and to attain Nirvana.
No. - Marks ( Lakkhana ) - Significance
1 - Well-supported feet - Firm undertaking
2 - Wheels arise beneath the sole of the feet - Great retinues
3 - The heels are projecting - Long life
4 - The fingers and toes are long - Long life
5 - The hands and feet are soft and tender - Well-united with people
6 - The hands and feet are net-like - Well-united with people
7 - The ankles are raised like conch shells - Becomes the best
8 - The lower part of the leg is like an antelope's - Gets the best things quickly
9 - He can touch and rub around his knees with both palms, while tanding, and without bending - Great wealth
10 - The part which should be concealed by garments, is covered by a bag - Many sons
11 - The skin shines like gold - Get finest furnishings and garments
12 - Subtle skin: dirt and sweat do not stick to his body - Great wisdom
13 - Single hairs arise, one to each pore - Well-respected
14 - The hair pointing upwards; dark, black in colour, turning in rings to the right - Becomes the best
15 - The frame is straight like Brahma - Long life
16 - There are seven outflows on his hands, on his feet, at the tips of the shoulders, and at the top of the back - Obtains excellent foods
17 - The upper part of the body is lion-like - No loss
18 - The hollow between his shoulders is filled - No loss
19 - The body is proportionate: the body is as long as the span of the arms - Great wealth
20 - The shoulders are evenly rounded - No loss
21 - He releases the highest of tastes - Very healthy
22 - The jaw is lion-like - He cannot be overthrown
23 - There are forty teeth - The assemblies cannot be divided
24 - The teeth are even - Pure retinues
25 - The teeth are undivided - The assemblies cannot be divided
26 - The visible teeth are very white - Pure retinues
27 - A mighty tongue - His words are heeded
28 - The voice of Brahma and also resembles the song of a karavika bird - His words are heeded
29 - The eyes are very blue - Attractive look
30 - The Eyelashes are like those of a cow - Attractive look
31 - The filament between the eyebrows is white like soft cotton - Well-respected
32 - The head is turban-crowned - Many followers
Prajnaparamita
Perfection of Wisdom -
"Perfection of Wisdom" is a translation of the Sanskrit term prajna paramita (Devanagari:
Tibetan: Shes-rab-pha-rol-phyin
Chinese: Pinyin: ban'ruo-boluomìduo
Japanese: hannya-haramitta, hannya-haramitta?)
Korean: banya-paramilda
Vietnamese: Bat Nha Ba La Mat Da)
- which is one of the aspects of a bodhisattva's personality called the paramitas.
The Perfection of Wisdom Sutras or Prajnaparamita Sutras are a genre of Mahayana Buddhist scriptures dealing with the subject of the Perfection of Wisdom. The term Prajnaparamita alone never refers to a specific text, but always to the class of literature.
History
The earliest sutra in this class is the Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra or "Perfection of Wisdom in 8,000 Lines", which was probably put in writing about 100 BC and is one of the earliest Mahayana sutras. More material was gradually compiled over the next two centuries. As well as the sutra itself, there is a summary in verse, the Ratnagunasamcaya Gatha, which some believe to be slightly older because it is not written in standard literary Sanskrit.
Between the years 100 and 300 this text was expanded into large versions in 10,000, 18,000, 25,000 and 100,000 lines, collectively known at the "Large Perfection of Wisdom". These differ mainly in the extent to which the many lists are either abbreviated or written out in full; the rest of the text is mostly unchanged between the different versions.
Since the large versions proved to be unwieldy they were later summarized into shorter versions, produced from 300 to 500. The shorter versions include the Heart Sutra (Prajñāpāramitā Hṛdaya Sūtra) and the Diamond Sutra (Prajñāpāramitā Vajracchedikā Sūtra). These two are widely popular and have had a great influence on the development of Mahayana Buddhism.
Tantric versions of the Prajnaparamita literature were produced from 500 on. The Prajnaparamita terma teachings are held to have been conferred upon Nagarjuna by Nagaraja, the King of the nagas, who had been guarding them at the bottom of a lake.
Teachings
"At first sight, The Perfection of Wisdom is bewildering, full of paradox and apparent irrationality. Yet once one accepts that trying to unravel these texts without experiencing the intuitions behind them is not satisfactory, it becomes clear that paradox and irrationality are the only means of conveying to the reader those underlying intuitions that would otherwise be impossible to express. Edward Conze succinctly summarized what The Perfection of Wisdom is about, saying, 'The thousands of lines of the Prajñāparamitā can be summed up in the following two sentences:
1. One should become a bodhisattva (or, Buddha-to-be), i.e. one who is content with nothing less than all-knowledge attained through the perfection of wisdom for the sake of all beings.
2. There is no such thing as a bodhisattva, or as all-knowledge, or as a 'being', or as the perfection of wisdom, or as an attainment. To accept both of these contradictory facts is to be perfect.'
The central idea of The Perfection of Wisdom is complete release from the world of existence. The Perfection of Wisdom goes beyond earlier Buddhist teaching that focused on the rise and fall of phenomena to state that there is no such rise and fall — because all phenomena are essentially void.
The earlier perception had been that reality is composed of a multiplicity of things. The Perfection of Wisdom states that there is no multiplicity: all is one. Even existence (samsara) and nirvana are essentially the same, and both are ultimately void. The view of The Perfection of Wisdom is that words and analysis have a practical application in that they are necessary for us to function in this world but, ultimately, nothing can be predicated about anything.
Within this context of voidness, The Perfection of Wisdom offers a way to enlightenment. It represents the formal introduction to Buddhist thought of a practical ideal — the ideal of a bodhisattva. Unlike an arhat or pratyekabuddha, beings who achieve enlightenment but cannot pass on the means of enlightenment to others, a bodhisattva should and does teach. A bodhisattva must practice the six perfections: giving, morality, patience, vigour, contemplation and wisdom. Wisdom is the most important of these because it dispels the darkness of sensory delusion and allows things to be seen as they really are."
R.C. Jamieson: The Perfection of Wisdom (New York : Penguin Viking, 2000. ISBN 0-670-88934-2 pp. 8–9)
For example, the Diamond Sutra concludes with:
As stars, a fault of vision, a lamp,
A mock show, dew drops, or a bubble,
A dream, a lightning flash, or a cloud,
So should one view what is conditioned.
Stars cannot be grasped. Things seen with faulty vision do not really exist. Lamps only burn as long as they have fuel. A mock show is a magical illusion; it is not as it seems. Dew drops evaporate quickly in the heat of the sun. Bubbles are short lived and have no real substance to them. Dreams are not real, even though they may seem so at the time. Lightning is short lived and quickly over. Clouds are always changing shape. By realising the transient nature of things it is easier to detach from them and to attain Nirvana.
Klimburg-Salter, Deborah E. , 1997. Tabo: a Lamp for the Kingdom: Early Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Art in the Western Himalaya. New York: Thames and Hudson. Compare with paintings at Tabo monastery
Sèngué, Tcheuky, 2002. Petite Encyclopédie des Divinités et symboles du Bouddhisme Tibétain. Editions Claire Lumiere . Pp. 332-333 - Prajnaparamita