Nila Achala – the "Blue Immovable One"

ABS 035

 Code: ABS 035

  Country: India (north-east)

  Style: Late Pala Style

  Date: 1050 - 1150

  Dimensions in cm WxHxD: 6.9 x 12 x 2.4

  Materials: Brass: extensively inlaid with silver and copper

Hollow cast in one piece: figure closed, pedestal open.
The separately cast aureole (prabhamandala) is lost.
The image is extensively inlaid with "silver" and copper and decorated with engraved ornaments.
The hair has traces of a red pigment, which is an indication that this image was earlier under worship in Tibet.
The bottom of the pedestal is not sealed.

The fearful two-eyed form of Nila-Acala or "blue Acala" (Tib. Mi gyo ba sngon po) is trampling on the defeated corpse of Ganesa laid upon a double lotus pedestal. Acala is stepping to the right with the right leg bent and the left straight (pratyalidhasana). He brandishes in the right uplifted hand the sword (khadga) as symbol of “cutting through ignorance”, and holds with the left hand, displayed in the gesture of threatening (tarjani-mudra), the noose (pasa), an attribute of mainly wrathful deities to catch the enemies of Buddhism. Acala is sparsely dressed with a tiger skin (vyaghracarma) tied below the protruding belly. He wears a pair of circular earrings, a necklace and two bracelets. The crown and the “investiture with the sacred thread” (nagopavita) are composed of snake emblems. The statue is encircled by a ribbon-like scarf with swirling ends on both sides. The cloth hanging down between the legs increases the stability of the image. Images of Acala are always shown in fearsome attitude and represents one of the ten Khroda protector deities in various Mandalas. The Sanskrit name Acala means “mountain” or literally “immobile” which is perfectly symbolized by the rock-shaped pedestal. This image was manufactured in one of the casting centres of North- Eastern India during the 11th or 12th century. Of special interest is the composition of the rock-shaped pedestal surmounted by mountains and a double lotus pedestal (visvapadma).
 
The Sadhanamala (SM), Nispannayogavali (NSP), Kryasamgraha (KSand the Pindikrama-Sadhana (PKScontain descriptions of several forms of Acala (Tib. Mi gyo ba): SM 86–87, 211–12; NSP 1–3, 11, 20, 26; KS 2; PKS 175–78. Acala is known in the Sanskrit literature under various different names such as CandacalaCandamaharosana, Mahacandarosana (SM 85–88)Kekara (SM 212) or Vajrabhisana (NSP 11, KS 2). In this publication all standing forms of Acala, regardless whether trampling on Ganesa or not are classified as Nila Acala (“Blue Acala”) (Tib. Mi gyo ba sngon po). The kneeling forms of Acala are classified as Sita Acala or “white Acala” (Tib. Mi gyo ba dkar po). Both forms can have two or three eyes. 
Acala 
Also known as Acalanatha, Aryacalanatha, Acala-vidya-raja and Candamaharosana. In Vajrayana Buddhism, Acala (alternatively, Achala or Acala) is the best known of the Five Wisdom Kings of the Womb Realm. Acala means "The Immovable One" in Sanskrit. Acala is also the name of the eighth of the ten stages of the path to buddhahood.
 
Acala is the destroyer of delusion and the protector of Buddhism. His immovability refers to his ability to remain unmoved by carnal temptations. Despite his fearsome appearance, his role is to aid all beings by showing them the teachings of the Buddha, leading them into self-control.
He is seen as a protector and aide in attaining goals. Temples dedicated to Acala perform a periodic fire ritual in devotion to him.
 
The buddha Akshobhya, whose name also means “the immovable one”, is sometimes merged with Acala. However, Acala is not a buddha, but one of the Five Wisdom Kings of the Womb Realm in Vajrayana as found in the Indo-Tibetan tradition, as well as the Japanese Shingon sect of Buddhism. As 'Fudo myo-o', Acala is considered one of the Thirteen Buddhas in Japan
 
Iconography
Acala is typically depicted with a sword for subduing demons in his right hand and a rope for catching and binding them in his left hand. He has a fearsome blue visage and is surrounded by flames, representing the purification of the mind.  He is often depicted seated or standing on a rock to show his immovability.  His hair commonly has seven knots and is draped on his left side, a servant hairstyle in Buddhist iconography. He is frequently depicted with two protruding fangs. One tooth points down, representing his compassion to the world, and one tooth points up, representing his passion for truth.

Chandra, Lokesh, 1991. Buddhist Iconography of Tibet (CBIT). New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture & Aditya Prakashan. Nos. 13, 187, 202, 322, 682-687, 775, 934-935, 2377 (174), 2422 (219) - References to the iconography of Acala

Cornu, Philippe , 2001. Dictionnaire Encyclopédique du Bouddhisme. Seuil. Pp. 33-34

de Mallmann, Marie-Thérèse, 1964. Étude iconographique sur Manjusri. Paris: École Française d’Extrème-Orient. Pp. 16, 30, 32, 70-71, 111-112, 128-32 - References to the iconography of Acala

de Mallmann, Marie-Thérèse, 1963. “Notes d’iconographie tântrique: III. A propos du Fudô bleu [Acala]”, Arts Asiatiques. Tome IX, Fasc. 1–2. EFEO, Musée Guimet. Pp. 73-79, fig 1 - References to the iconography of Acala

Frédéric, Louis, 1992. Les Dieux du Bouddhisme. Guide iconographique . Paris: Flammarion. P. 201 sq. - Sur l'iconographie d'Acala, lire

Rambach, Pierre, 1978. Le Bouddha secret du tantrisme japonais. Genève: Skira . Sur l'iconographie d'Acala

von Schroeder, Ulrich, 2001. Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet. Vol. One: India & Nepal; Vol. Two: Tibet & China. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd.. Pp. 1038-1039, 1112-1113; Pls. 259, 291 - Compare with other images of Acala

von Schroeder, Ulrich, 2010. Buddhist Sculptures of the Alain Bordier Foundation. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd.. Pp. 18–19; plate 6A

von Schroeder, Ulrich, 2013. Datenbank der Fondation Alain Bordier. Unpublished.